Bruxisme du sommeil: aspects fondamentaux et cliniques
Bernard CHAPOTAT, Jian-Sheng LIN, Olivier ROBIN, Michel JOUVET
Journal de parodontologie & d'implantologie orale Vol. 18 N°3/99 - pp. 277 à 289
TABLE DES MATIERES
Résumé
Introduction
Manifestations
Conséquences oro-faciales
Mécanismes
Diagnostic et traitement
Conclusion

IMPRESSION
Version imprimable
(Tout l'article dans une seule page)

RÉSUMÉ

Le bruxisme du sommeil chez l'homme est connu depuis longue date. Son taux épidémiologique peut atteindre 6% de la population, sans compter une activité rythmique des muscles masticateurs enregistrée pendant le sommeil chez une population large (jusqu'à 56%). Cependant, le bruxisme n'a jamais vraiment fait l'objet d'une recherche intense que ce soit au niveau clinique ou fondamental, probablement en raison de son caractère complexe. La compréhension de ses mécanismes implique, en effet, plusieurs disciplines comme l'odontologie, l'hypnologie, la psychologie et les neurosciences et nécessite ainsi des investigations pluridisciplinaires convergentes. Récemment, grâce à la combinaison de différentes approches, un certain nombre de données expérimentales et cliniques importantes a été obtenu et de nouvelles hypothèses ont pu être avancées. Dans cette mini-revue conçue pour informer les dentistes et les neurobiologistes intéressés par ce sujet, nous avons réalisé un rappel et une analyse des données historiques et récentes du bruxisme du sommeil ainsi que des différents concepts courants à propos de son étiologie. En particulier, deux concepts ont été avancés pour expliquer la genèse du bruxisme : le premier, dans le cadre de la théorie "Thégosis", considère l'activité des muscles masticateurs durant le sommeil comme une habitude instinctive ou un phénomène normal ; le second considère le bruxisme du sommeil comme faisant partie d'une entité de la pathologie du contrôle des mouvements pendant le sommeil, notamment un dérèglement du système dopaminergique ou/et du système neuro-masticateur. Enfin, nous avons également proposé une hypothèse intégrale concernant les mécanismes neurophysiologiques impliqués dans sa genèse ainsi que notre stratégie concernant sa prévention et son traitement.

MOTS CLÉS : bruxisme, sommeil, grincement, usure dentaire, mastication, stress, neurophysiologie

ABSTRACT

Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity can be recorded during sleep in human from a large population (up to ~ 56%). Sleep bruxism, i.e., rhythmic and sustained mastication with clenching, grinding, tooth wear and associated jaw muscle discomfort is also evidenced from about 6% of the population. In spite of this high prevalence, few experimental and clinical investigations have been made, until recently, to understand the mechanisms and functions related to sleep bruxism and current strategies used in its treatment remained confusing both in theory and practice. In this brief review, we have presented an overview and our analysis on the classic and recent data of sleep bruxism in both basic and clinical aspects (such as laboratory and clinical manifestations and oro-facial impacts), as well as on current concepts regarding the mechanisms involved in its genesis. Emphasis has been made, on the one hand, on "Thégosis" theory, that considers masticatory muscle activity during sleep as an intrinsic habit and normal phenomena during sleep-wake cycle and, on the other hand, on dopaminergic neurons and neuromasticatory system, whose dysfunction might play an important role in the pathogenesis of sleep bruxism. Finally, we have attempted to provide an integral hypothesis regarding the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying sleep bruxism and the possible psychological and odontological approaches for its prevention and treatment.

KEY WORDS : bruxism, sleep, grinding, tooth wear, mastication, stress, neurophysiology.

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